For years, Cecile Thornton didn't have much reason to speak French. She was born into the minority francophone community in Lewiston, Maine, she said she and her family were often made fun of.
“I felt embarrassed about being francophone,” she said in a recent phone interview in French. “Many people laughed at and teased us.” Thornton, whose maiden name is Desjardins, married an anglophone and didn’t teach her children French. As a result, French disappeared from her daily life, and she lost her ability to converse in the language.
That changed in 2016, when she started attending French-language meet-ups led by local immigrants from West Africa. Thornton says those conversations encouraged her to reconnect with her mother tongue. “The African community helped me feel proud to be Franco,” she said.
Now 68 years old, Thornton has become an advocate for French speakers in Maine, one of several members of the state’s francophone community working to preserve their language and heritage. They hope a wave of recent African immigration and a growing recognition of the state’s Franco-American population will generate renewed interest in their cause. But the number of French speakers in Maine is declining, leading some to fear for their future.
Like Thornton, many francophone Mainers chose not to pass down their language in the 20th century. Children who did speak French faced further repression. A 1919 state law that banned education in French “had a long-term impact on how people perceived the value of their language,” said Patrick Lacroix, director of the Acadian Archives, housed in the University of Maine at Fort Kent. Maine only repealed the rule in 1969.
U.S. Census Bureau data highlight the francophone community’s growing vulnerability. The agency estimated that about 30,000 of the more than 1.3 million people in the state spoke French at home in 2022, down from 33,000 in 2018 and from more than 40,000 four years before that.
Don Lévesque, a 76-year-old member of the centuries-old Acadian population in northern Maine, says his perspective on local efforts to promote French changes daily. “Sometimes I’m hopeful, sometimes I’m not,” he confessed in an interview.
Lévesque is the president of Le Club Français in the town of Madawaska on the border with New Brunswick, where he now lives. Established in the 1990s by a group of residents worried about the survival of their language, Le Club Français now offers French pre-kindergarten and elementary after-school programs, as well as conversational French courses for adults, he said.
Next, the organization wants to create more opportunity for Maine Acadians to develop social lives in French, through such things as community suppers or movie nights. Le Club Français is also planning cultural excursions into New Brunswick, Lévesque said.
But engaging younger residents is a challenge, he admitted. “Sometimes I feel like a dinosaur,” he said. “The French speaking dinosaur in an English world.”
A second group of people who speak French, in the southern part of Maine, come from Canadian immigrants who worked in the many factories in the 19th and 20th centuries. Jan Sullivan, a native French speaker who leads a French language discussion group at the Franco Center for performing arts in Lewiston, says African newcomers have revigorated the language in the community.
While immigration has brought a positive boost to the French language, it might not be sufficient to preserve it, Sullivan cautioned. She expressed regret, saying, "I think it'll survive for a few more years, several more years. But eventually, I'm afraid it's dying."
Some people are pushing back against the idea of a culture that is inevitably declining. One of them is Susan Pinette, a professor at the University of Maine and the director of its Franco-American Center in the town of Orono, which is one of several institutions in the state working to publicize the community's history. In an interview, she said the center aims to counter portrayals of language and cultural loss by highlighting ongoing Franco-American activism.
"The community is changing and that's a positive thing," she said. "We don't want to be a museum piece of something that's stuck in the past."
Lacroix also agreed that what he called the "doom and gloom" narrative often ignores the grassroots efforts that have helped increase the visibility of Maine's Acadian community and groups like his that emphasize Franco-American heritage. "I think increasingly we are getting the attention of people in the state, which is really the first step even before we can start asking for greater support," he said.
On Tuesday, the Maine legislature hosted a small ceremony to celebrate the state’s Francophonie Day. In its resolution proclaiming the holiday, the body cited a "resurgence in the use of the French language and a heightened appreciation of Franco-American heritage throughout the state."
Despite the challenges facing French in Maine, Thornton said she remains hopeful for its future. She also encouraged Quebecers to cherish their connection to the language.
"If people in Quebec, they hold on to their French, they teach their children French, it’s going to be a very good thing for the language," she said.
